<style id="elementor-post-4424">.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6859ddfd{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero .ue_sbh_title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero .uc_cont_paragrapgh{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero .uc_portfolio{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero .uc_service_title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero .uc_service_paragraph{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_container_holder{align-items:center;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_container_holder,.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_container_holder *{text-align:center;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_container_holder_bottom{justify-content:center;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_footer_box{text-align:center;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_footer_box *{text-align:center;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_graphics_header{background-position:center center;background-size:cover;padding:50px 50px 50px 50px;border-radius:10px 10px 10px 10px;height:auto;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .sbh_bg_overlay{background-color:#00000045;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_logo{width:60px;height:60px;border-radius:50px 50px 50px 50px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_logo img{width:60px;min-width:60px;height:60px;min-height:60px;object-fit:contain;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .ue_sbh_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#FFFFFF;margin-top:100px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_cont_paragrapgh{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#FFFFFF;margin-top:52px;max-width:70%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_portfolio{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;padding:10px 30px 10px 30px;border-radius:5px 5px 5px 5px;margin-top:62px;color:#585858;background-color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_portfolio:hover{background-color:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .ue_sbh_divider{height:3px;width:100%;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.53);margin:30px 0px 30px 0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_service_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;line-height:45px;color:#ffffff;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_service_paragraph{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#ececec;margin-top:1px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-31f0428c{--display:flex;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e4f3b24 .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e4f3b24{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-98156b3{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-a8ab79b{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold .ue_unfold_title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold .ue-txt{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold .ubfold_btn{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b4627ac{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-widget-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-868f523 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9f31751{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68140d8 .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68140d8{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ec526f{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-bfe1a83{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-a2163b3 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-1617c9a{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9d2b18c{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8c4679e .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8c4679e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-46fa419{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b99ae17{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4ff2610{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7fd8415 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-a284a68{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e13070e .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e13070e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77a0cf1{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-31b859e{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2ad6493 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5fd90dd{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-234f04a{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5e76927 .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5e76927{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-bdd1cc9{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-3eba935{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f515636{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f6b7d9a img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6313dca{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-30d8ded .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-30d8ded{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b04daed{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d786e2d{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7b3f4d8 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e175724{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f2f59af{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6183d3f .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6183d3f{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f937cdd{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-236db26{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2dc1fea{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e9edb66 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6aec3e0{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-05715c8 .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-05715c8{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-97117ee{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ada3595{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9e87803 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f10055{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ab68d61{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ffe701 .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ffe701{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9fe269b{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c6f3a73{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cb60cc9{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-50e74de img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-3032836{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-32e9f2e .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-32e9f2e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-dc84ae8{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-190697e{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7409c10 img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-1e7bd36{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fac4b62{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3f543b .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3f543b{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6de9896{--display:flex;--flex-direction:row;--container-widget-width:initial;--container-widget-height:100%;--container-widget-flex-grow:1;--container-widget-align-self:stretch;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-524de94{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .unfold_wrapper{height:200px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .unfold_card{text-align:center;padding:30px 30px 30px 30px;background-color:var( --e-global-color-text );box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .ue_unfold_title{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#1d1d1d;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .ue-txt{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#3a3a3a;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .ue-btn-wrap{justify-content:center;margin-top:20px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .ubfold_btn{font-family:"Iran Sans Regular", Sans-serif;font-weight:400;background:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-16b618a );padding:8px 20px 8px 20px;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .ubfold_btn:hover{background:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .uf_overlay{height:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c872260{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-dc19f1f img{box-shadow:0px 0px 15px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-247bbe3{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0af5398 .bdt-ep-advanced-divider{text-align:center;margin:0 auto;margin-center:0;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0af5398{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-widget .tippy-tooltip .tippy-content{text-align:center;}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-a8ab79b{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b4627ac{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-bfe1a83{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-1617c9a{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b99ae17{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4ff2610{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-31b859e{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5fd90dd{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-3eba935{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f515636{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d786e2d{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e175724{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-236db26{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2dc1fea{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ada3595{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f10055{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c6f3a73{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cb60cc9{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-190697e{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-1e7bd36{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-524de94{--width:50%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c872260{--width:50%;}}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_graphics_header{padding:35px 35px 35px 35px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_cont_paragrapgh{max-width:80%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_footer_box{padding:10px 10px 10px 10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e4f3b24{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68140d8{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8c4679e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e13070e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5e76927{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-30d8ded{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6183d3f{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-05715c8{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ffe701{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-32e9f2e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3f543b{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0af5398{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6859ddfd{--justify-content:space-evenly;--align-items:center;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var( --container-widget-flex-grow ) ) * 100% );}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_graphics_header{padding:25px 25px 25px 25px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_cont_paragrapgh{max-width:100%;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c261a3a .uc_footer_box{padding:0px 0px 20px 0px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6e4f3b24{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b49e70f .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68140d8{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c16eb22 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8c4679e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c69506e .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e13070e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6215f31 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5e76927{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b79e137 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-30d8ded{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c622a42 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6183d3f{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-63ff23f .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-05715c8{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77c7d2c .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ffe701{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c8b8b5f .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-32e9f2e{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-da43609 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3f543b{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .unfold_card{text-align:{{VALUE}};}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cd277f5 .ubfold_btn{gap:10px;}.elementor-4424 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0af5398{--ep-advanced-divider-rotate:0deg;}}</style>{"id":4424,"date":"2025-07-12T02:16:05","date_gmt":"2025-07-11T22:46:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spae.co\/raw-materials\/"},"modified":"2025-11-11T13:22:56","modified_gmt":"2025-11-11T09:52:56","slug":"raw-materials","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Raw materials"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4424\" class=\"elementor elementor-4424 elementor-107\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true}}\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6859ddfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6859ddfd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c261a3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero\" data-id=\"c261a3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_service_box_hero.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Service Box Hero -->\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-css' href='https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-all.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-v4-shims.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\n<style>\/* widget: Service Box Hero *\/\n\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a{\n  width:100%;\n  position:relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:column;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n  min-height: fit-content;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .sbh_bg_overlay{\n  position:absolute;\n  top:0;\n  left:0;\n  width:100%;\n  height:100%;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder,\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .ue_sbh_divider,\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder_top,\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n  position:relative;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder{\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_logo{\n  display:inline-flex;\n  justify-content:center;\n  align-items:center;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_logo svg{\n  width:1em;\n  height:1em;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder{\n  width:100%;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_portfolio{\n  display:inline-block;\n  transition-duration:300ms;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n  display:flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap:62px;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_footer_box{\n  width:calc(33.333333333333% - 62px + (62px \/ 3));\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder_bottom .uc_footer_box{\n  flex-grow: 1;   display:block;\n}\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n    gap:10px;\n  }\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_footer_box{\n    width:calc(50% - 10px + (10px \/ 2));\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n    gap:10px;\n  }\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a .uc_footer_box{\n    width:calc(100% - 10px + (10px \/ 1));\n  }\n}\n\/* soft styles *\/\n.uc_cont_paragrapgh{\n  font-size:18px;\n  font-weight:400;\n  line-height:1.4em;\n}\n.uc_paragraph{\n  font-size: 16px;\n  font-weight: 400;\n}\n.uc_service_title{\n  font-size: 22px;\n  font-weight:500;\n}\n.elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero{\n  width:100%;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_service_box_hero_elementor_c261a3a\" class=\"uc_graphics_header \"  dir=\"rtl\">\n    <div class=\"sbh_bg_overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"uc_container_holder\">\n        <div class=\"uc_container_holder_top\"><a class=\"uc_logo\" href=\"#\"  ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg\"  alt=\"\"><\/a><\/div>        <h1 class=\"ue_sbh_title\">Raw material supplier<\/h1>        <div class=\"uc_cont_paragrapgh\">Sepahan Pouyesh Arya, supplier of various raw materials for the steel and foundry industries.<\/div>\t\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/about-us\/\"  class=\"uc_portfolio\">\u064fAbout Us<\/a>\t\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"ue_sbh_divider\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"uc_container_holder_bottom uc-items-wrapper\">\n      <div class=\"uc_footer_box\">\n  <div class=\"uc_service_title\">A diverse range of raw materials<\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_service_paragraph\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- end Service Box Hero -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31f0428c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31f0428c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e4f3b24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"6e4f3b24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98156b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"98156b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ab79b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8ab79b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b49e70f elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"b49e70f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Electrodes <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"69\" data-end=\"663\">ions) between the metallic and non-metallic parts of a circuit. It serves as a key interface in electrochemical and electronic systems, and its function is defined by two main poles: the anode and the cathode. The anode is the electrode where oxidation reactions (loss of electrons) occur, while the cathode is where reduction reactions (gain of electrons) take place. These two poles form the basis of electrochemical cells such as batteries, electrolysis systems, and fuel cells.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"665\" data-end=\"1000\">The materials used for electrodes vary widely depending on their applications and include graphite, various metals (such as copper, platinum, zinc, and tungsten), as well as specialised alloys. The choice of material depends on factors such as electrical conductivity, chemical resistance to corrosion, thermal stability, and cost.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1002\" data-end=\"1419\">Electrodes have broad and vital applications. In metallurgy, large graphite electrodes are used to melt steel in electric arc furnaces. In welding, consumable electrodes are employed to join metal parts. They also play a key role in electroplating, battery production, chemical sensors (such as pH meters), and medical equipment (such as ECG and EEG devices), making them the backbone of many modern technologies.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b49e70f\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4627ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b4627ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-868f523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"868f523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/electrodes\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/32b4f0f767cef17-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3734\" alt=\"Electrodes\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/32b4f0f767cef17-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/32b4f0f767cef17-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/32b4f0f767cef17-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/32b4f0f767cef17.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f31751 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9f31751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68140d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"68140d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ec526f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5ec526f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfe1a83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfe1a83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2163b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a2163b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/ferroalloys\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/1703054227477-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3735\" alt=\"Ferroalloys\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/1703054227477-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/1703054227477-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/1703054227477-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/1703054227477.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1617c9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1617c9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16eb22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"c16eb22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Ferroalloys <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"73\" data-end=\"606\">as manganese, silicon, chromium, vanadium, or molybdenum. Often referred to as the <em data-start=\"268\" data-end=\"303\">\u201cvitamins of the steel industry,\u201d<\/em> they are essential additives in the production of steel and cast iron. Their primary functions include precise control of chemical composition, removal of impurities such as oxygen (deoxidation) and sulfur, and ultimately achieving the desired mechanical and physical properties in the final product.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"895\">Properties such as <strong data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"692\">strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance<\/strong> are directly influenced by the type and amount of ferroalloy used. Ferroalloys are typically produced in <strong data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"823\">electric arc furnaces<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"845\">blast furnaces<\/strong> through carbothermic reduction of mineral ores.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"1162\">This broad family includes strategic products such as <strong data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"969\">ferromanganese<\/strong> (for increasing hardness), <strong data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1013\">ferrosilicon<\/strong> (a powerful deoxidiser), <strong data-start=\"1039\" data-end=\"1054\">ferrochrome<\/strong> (the key element in stainless steel), and <strong data-start=\"1097\" data-end=\"1114\">ferrovanadium<\/strong> (for enhancing strength and wear resistance).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1507\">In practice, the production of advanced engineering steels and high-quality cast iron would not be possible without ferroalloys. These fundamental materials form the <strong data-start=\"1330\" data-end=\"1356\">backbone of industries<\/strong> such as automotive, construction, energy, and heavy machinery manufacturing, and their role in the development of modern technologies is undeniable.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c16eb22\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2b18c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9d2b18c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c4679e elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"8c4679e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46fa419 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"46fa419\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b99ae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b99ae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c69506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"c69506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Base metals <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"79\" data-end=\"572\">lubricants. It is produced either through the refining of crude oil or via <strong data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"295\">synthetic processes<\/strong> such as hydrocracking and gas-to-liquid (GTL) synthesis. The quality and characteristics of base oil\u2014including <strong data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"508\">viscosity index, thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and the ability to maintain an oil film<\/strong>\u2014play a decisive role in the performance of the final product.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"1011\">Base oils are generally classified into three main groups: <strong data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"675\">mineral, synthetic, and semi-synthetic<\/strong>. Each group is processed and formulated to meet specific industrial needs. <strong data-start=\"751\" data-end=\"772\">Mineral base oils<\/strong> are widely used due to their affordability and availability, while <strong data-start=\"840\" data-end=\"863\">synthetic base oils<\/strong>\u2014such as <strong data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"899\">polyalphaolefins (PAOs)<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"913\">esters<\/strong>\u2014offer superior performance at both high and low temperatures, along with extended service life.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1441\">The applications of base oil range from <strong data-start=\"1053\" data-end=\"1093\">industrial and automotive lubricants<\/strong> to <strong data-start=\"1097\" data-end=\"1218\">greases, hydraulic fluids, electrical insulating oils, and even in the formulation of chemical products and additives<\/strong>. Selecting the appropriate grade and type of base oil ensures optimised equipment performance, reduced wear, heat, and energy consumption. These features make base oil the <strong data-start=\"1391\" data-end=\"1438\">backbone of the global lubrication industry<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c69506e\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ff2610 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ff2610\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd8415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7fd8415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/base-metals\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/e4ac24c6-8264-4037-a489-67cf646d20a6-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3736\" alt=\"Base metals\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/e4ac24c6-8264-4037-a489-67cf646d20a6-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/e4ac24c6-8264-4037-a489-67cf646d20a6-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/e4ac24c6-8264-4037-a489-67cf646d20a6-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/e4ac24c6-8264-4037-a489-67cf646d20a6.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a284a68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a284a68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e13070e elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"e13070e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77a0cf1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77a0cf1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31b859e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31b859e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad6493 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ad6493\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/ceramic-filters\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-48-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3737\" alt=\"Ceramic Filters\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-48-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-48-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-48-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-48.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fd90dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5fd90dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6215f31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"6215f31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Ceramic filters <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"77\" data-end=\"454\">used in industrial processes to remove suspended solid particles from liquids and gases. Their structure is typically based on <strong data-start=\"312\" data-end=\"353\">alumina, silicon carbide, or zirconia<\/strong>, which form a network of fine pores that allow fluids to pass through while trapping contaminants.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"906\">In <strong data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"487\">metal casting industries<\/strong> (both non-ferrous and steel), ceramic filters are employed to eliminate <strong data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"589\">oxide and slag impurities<\/strong> from molten metal, thereby improving surface quality, strength, and mechanical properties of the final product. In <strong data-start=\"705\" data-end=\"746\">chemical and petrochemical industries<\/strong>, they are applied for filtering corrosive fluids or operating under high-temperature conditions where polymeric or metallic filters lose their effectiveness.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"1165\">Functionally, ceramic filters offer <strong data-start=\"944\" data-end=\"1024\">long service life, high mechanical strength, and resistance to thermal shock<\/strong>. Their pore size can be tailored\u2014from fine microns to coarse structures\u2014and surface coatings with catalytic materials can also be applied.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1424\">Thanks to their <strong data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1230\">superior chemical and thermal compatibility<\/strong>, ceramic filters are an ideal choice for applications such as <strong data-start=\"1293\" data-end=\"1381\">molten metal filtration, sediment removal in process lines, and hot gas purification<\/strong> in the energy and environmental sectors.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6215f31\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-234f04a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"234f04a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e76927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"5e76927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdd1cc9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bdd1cc9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eba935 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3eba935\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b79e137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"b79e137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Cast iron ingot <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"465\">along with small amounts of other elements such as <strong data-start=\"215\" data-end=\"261\">silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur<\/strong>. Due to its <strong data-start=\"274\" data-end=\"357\">lower melting point compared to steel, high fluidity, and excellent castability<\/strong>, cast iron is regarded as one of the fundamental and widely used materials in the metallurgical industry.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"467\" data-end=\"831\">Production of cast iron ingots is usually carried out in a <strong data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"564\">blast furnace or induction furnace<\/strong>, where iron ore is melted and reduced together with coke and limestone. The molten metal is then poured into metallic or sand molds, solidifying into ingots. Once cooled, these ingots serve as <strong data-start=\"758\" data-end=\"774\">raw material<\/strong> for manufacturing a variety of engineering components.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"833\" data-end=\"1182\">Based on <strong data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"886\">microstructure and mechanical properties<\/strong>, cast iron is classified into several types, including <strong data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1031\">grey cast iron, ductile (nodular) cast iron, white cast iron, and malleable cast iron<\/strong>. Each type has distinct features and applications, ranging from heavy machinery parts, pipes, and fittings to components resistant to wear and heat.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1492\">The advantages of cast iron ingots in industry include not only their <strong data-start=\"1254\" data-end=\"1271\">economic cost<\/strong> but also their ability to be cast into complex shapes, their <strong data-start=\"1333\" data-end=\"1375\">wear resistance, and their long service life<\/strong>. These qualities make cast iron ingots a <strong data-start=\"1417\" data-end=\"1489\">key element in the supply chain of foundry and industrial production<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_b79e137\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f515636 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f515636\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7d9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f6b7d9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/cast-iron-ingot\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3738\" alt=\"Cast iron ingot\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6313dca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6313dca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d8ded elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"30d8ded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b04daed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b04daed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d786e2d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d786e2d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b3f4d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b3f4d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/additives\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_6-1-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3739\" alt=\"Additives\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_6-1-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_6-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_6-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_6-1.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e175724 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e175724\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c622a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"c622a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Additives <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"388\"><strong data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"60\">Additives<\/strong> are compounds introduced in small but purposeful amounts into base materials to enhance their <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"203\">physical, chemical, or functional properties<\/strong>. They may be of <strong data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"261\">mineral, organic, or synthetic origin<\/strong> and are applied across a wide range of industries\u2014from <strong data-start=\"317\" data-end=\"385\">metallurgy and polymer manufacturing to food and pharmaceuticals<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"721\">In the <strong data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"428\">metals and foundry industry<\/strong>, additives include <strong data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"488\">ferroalloys, graphite, or inoculants<\/strong>, which are used to refine microstructure, improve wear resistance, and reduce impurities. In <strong data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"594\">polymers<\/strong>, additives such as <strong data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"682\">plasticisers, antioxidants, UV stabilisers, and flame retardants<\/strong> increase durability and performance.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"1015\">In <strong data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"741\">agriculture<\/strong>, additives are incorporated into fertilisers and pesticides to optimise nutrient absorption or improve the stability of active ingredients. In the <strong data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"914\">construction industry<\/strong>, concrete additives can adjust setting time, enhance compressive strength, or reduce permeability.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1017\" data-end=\"1370\">The <strong data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1053\">selection of type and dosage<\/strong> of additives must be based on precise calculations and adherence to standards, since excessive or improper use can negatively affect product quality or safety. Overall, additives act as <strong data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1271\">facilitators and optimisers<\/strong>, playing a crucial role in both the production process and the performance of the final product.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c622a42\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f59af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f2f59af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6183d3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"6183d3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f937cdd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f937cdd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-236db26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"236db26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ff23f elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"63ff23f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Iron-containing materials <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"393\"><strong data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"68\">Ferrous materials<\/strong> refer to a category of minerals and industrial materials in which <strong data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"175\">iron constitutes the major component<\/strong>. This group includes iron ores (such as magnetite, hematite, and limonite), <strong data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"271\">steel scrap<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"273\" data-end=\"286\">cast iron<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"313\">iron-based alloys<\/strong>, which serve as the primary raw materials for steelmaking and metal products.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"773\"><strong data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"407\">Iron ore<\/strong>, the main natural source of iron, is processed through <strong data-start=\"463\" data-end=\"506\">extraction, crushing, and beneficiation<\/strong> before being fed into <strong data-start=\"529\" data-end=\"560\">reduction and melting units<\/strong> to produce <strong data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"600\">pig iron or molten steel<\/strong>. Iron and steel scrap, due to its <strong data-start=\"637\" data-end=\"678\">economic and environmental advantages<\/strong>, is also widely used as a <strong data-start=\"704\" data-end=\"727\">secondary feedstock<\/strong> in <strong data-start=\"731\" data-end=\"770\">electric arc and induction furnaces<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"1041\">In addition to their high metallic content, ferrous materials may contain <strong data-start=\"849\" data-end=\"867\">trace elements<\/strong> such as manganese, silicon, or phosphorus, which affect the quality of the final product and can be <strong data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"993\">controlled or removed<\/strong> through metallurgical processes if necessary.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1043\" data-end=\"1464\">The applications and significance of ferrous materials extend beyond steelmaking. They are also used in <strong data-start=\"1147\" data-end=\"1240\">cast iron production, foundry components, magnetic ferrites, and even chemical industries<\/strong>. Given their <strong data-start=\"1254\" data-end=\"1300\">fundamental role in the metal supply chain<\/strong>, the <strong data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1369\">exploration, processing, and recycling of ferrous materials<\/strong> represent a critical segment of the metal industry and a key driver of economic development.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_63ff23f\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dc1fea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2dc1fea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9edb66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9edb66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/ferrous-materials\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-1-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3740\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-1-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-1.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aec3e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6aec3e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05715c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"05715c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97117ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"97117ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ada3595 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ada3595\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e87803 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9e87803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/our-products\/raw-materials\/refractories\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/320c7a08-e551-41a6-9bb2-6176f14b69ab_3-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3741\" alt=\"Refractory materials\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/320c7a08-e551-41a6-9bb2-6176f14b69ab_3-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/320c7a08-e551-41a6-9bb2-6176f14b69ab_3-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/320c7a08-e551-41a6-9bb2-6176f14b69ab_3-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/320c7a08-e551-41a6-9bb2-6176f14b69ab_3.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f10055 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f10055\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77c7d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"77c7d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Refractory materials <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"373\"><strong data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"71\">Refractory materials<\/strong> are a category of minerals and industrial products that exhibit <strong data-start=\"136\" data-end=\"223\">exceptional resistance to extreme heat, thermal shock, wear, and chemical corrosion<\/strong>. They form the <strong data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"282\">backbone of high-temperature industries<\/strong> such as steelmaking, metal casting, cement, glass, petrochemicals, and power generation.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"821\">The <strong data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"427\">chemical composition of refractory materials<\/strong> varies depending on the application and may include <strong data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"497\">stable oxides<\/strong> such as <strong data-start=\"506\" data-end=\"576\">alumina (Al\u2082O\u2083), silica (SiO\u2082), zirconia (ZrO\u2082), or magnesia (MgO)<\/strong>. Based on operating temperature and environmental conditions, refractories are classified into three main groups: <strong data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"721\">acidic, basic, and neutral<\/strong>. Each type is engineered for specific chemical environments to minimise reactions or degradation.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"823\" data-end=\"1076\"><strong data-start=\"823\" data-end=\"841\">Physical forms<\/strong> of refractory materials include <strong data-start=\"874\" data-end=\"941\">bricks, unshaped castables, fibres, or prefabricated components<\/strong>. Selecting the appropriate type and quality of refractory directly impacts <strong data-start=\"1017\" data-end=\"1073\">equipment lifespan and industrial process efficiency<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_77c7d2c\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab68d61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab68d61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ffe701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"5ffe701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe269b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9fe269b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f3a73 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6f3a73\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b8b5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"c8b8b5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Minerals <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"373\"><strong data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"71\">Refractory materials<\/strong> are a category of minerals and industrial products that exhibit <strong data-start=\"136\" data-end=\"223\">exceptional resistance to extreme heat, thermal shock, wear, and chemical corrosion<\/strong>. They form the <strong data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"282\">backbone of high-temperature industries<\/strong> such as steelmaking, metal casting, cement, glass, petrochemicals, and power generation.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"811\">The <strong data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"427\">chemical composition of refractory materials<\/strong> varies depending on the application and may include <strong data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"497\">stable oxides<\/strong> such as <strong data-start=\"506\" data-end=\"576\">alumina (Al\u2082O\u2083), silica (SiO\u2082), zirconia (ZrO\u2082), or magnesia (MgO)<\/strong>. Based on operating temperatures and environmental conditions, refractories are classified into three main groups: <strong data-start=\"692\" data-end=\"722\">acidic, basic, and neutral<\/strong>, each designed for specific chemical environments to minimise reaction or degradation.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"1066\"><strong data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"831\">Physical forms<\/strong> of refractory materials include <strong data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"931\">bricks, unshaped castables, fibres, or prefabricated components<\/strong>. Selecting the appropriate type and quality of refractory directly impacts <strong data-start=\"1007\" data-end=\"1063\">equipment lifespan and industrial process efficiency<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1068\" data-end=\"1523\"><strong data-start=\"1068\" data-end=\"1091\">Common applications<\/strong> include <strong data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1205\">lining of furnaces, melting ladles, chimneys, reactor linings, and thermal insulation of hot surfaces<\/strong>. High <strong data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1313\">mechanical strength at extreme temperatures, controlled thermal expansion, and chemical stability<\/strong> are key properties that make refractory materials <strong data-start=\"1364\" data-end=\"1429\">essential components in high-temperature industrial processes<\/strong>. The absence of proper refractory protection can lead to <strong data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1520\">complete production shutdowns<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_c8b8b5f\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb60cc9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb60cc9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50e74de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"50e74de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/our-products\/raw-materials\/minerals\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-1-6-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3742\" alt=\"Minerals\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-1-6-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-1-6-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-1-6-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-1-6.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3032836 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3032836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32e9f2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"32e9f2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc84ae8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dc84ae8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-190697e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"190697e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7409c10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7409c10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/our-products\/petroleum-products\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-71-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3743\" alt=\"Molybdenum\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-71-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-71-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-71-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-71.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e7bd36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e7bd36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da43609 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"da43609\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Molybdenum <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"375\"><strong data-start=\"47\" data-end=\"61\">Molybdenum<\/strong> is a shiny metallic element with the chemical symbol <strong data-start=\"115\" data-end=\"121\">Mo<\/strong> and atomic number <strong data-start=\"140\" data-end=\"146\">42<\/strong>, renowned for its <strong data-start=\"165\" data-end=\"208\">extremely high melting point (2,623\u202f\u00b0C)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"261\">exceptional resistance to corrosion and wear<\/strong>. It is relatively rare in its pure form in nature and is primarily found as the mineral <strong data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"372\">molybdenite (MoS\u2082)<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"377\" data-end=\"824\">The <strong data-start=\"381\" data-end=\"418\">primary application of molybdenum<\/strong> is in <strong data-start=\"425\" data-end=\"461\">steelmaking and alloy production<\/strong>, where even small amounts significantly enhance the <strong data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"559\">strength, heat resistance, and durability<\/strong> of steel. <strong data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"612\">Molybdenum-containing stainless steels<\/strong> perform far better in acidic or marine environments compared to conventional steels. In specialised alloys, molybdenum maintains <strong data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"787\">structural stability at high temperatures<\/strong> and improves <strong data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"821\">creep resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"826\" data-end=\"1174\">Beyond metallurgy, <strong data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"869\">molybdenum compounds<\/strong> are used in <strong data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"902\">solid lubricants<\/strong> (such as molybdenum disulfide), <strong data-start=\"935\" data-end=\"989\">catalysts for the oil and petrochemical industries<\/strong>, as well as in <strong data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1040\">glass and pigment manufacturing<\/strong>. Its role in <strong data-start=\"1054\" data-end=\"1085\">nuclear energy applications<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1113\">aerospace equipment<\/strong> is also crucial due to its thermal and chemical stability.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1176\" data-end=\"1465\">Due to its <strong data-start=\"1187\" data-end=\"1211\">strategic importance<\/strong> in the production of <strong data-start=\"1233\" data-end=\"1302\">high-alloy steels, superalloys, and advanced industrial equipment<\/strong>, molybdenum is classified as a <strong data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1354\">critical mineral<\/strong> in many countries, with its extraction and processing playing a <strong data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1462\">key role in the industrial supply chain<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_da43609\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fac4b62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fac4b62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3f543b elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"b3f543b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de9896 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6de9896\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-524de94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"524de94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd277f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"cd277f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Carbon materials <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"136\" data-end=\"472\"><strong data-start=\"136\" data-end=\"156\">Carbon Materials<\/strong> are a class of substances primarily composed of the element carbon, whose physical and chemical properties vary widely depending on atomic arrangement and bonding. Well-known forms of carbon include <strong data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"405\">diamond, graphite, graphene, amorphous carbon<\/strong>, and nanostructures such as <strong data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"469\">carbon nanotubes and fullerenes<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"474\" data-end=\"1014\">In industry, carbon materials are utilised across a broad range of applications: from <strong data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"583\">graphite electrodes<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"588\" data-end=\"618\">lithium-ion battery anodes<\/strong> to <strong data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"657\">filters and chemical adsorbents<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"688\">heat-resistant components<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"694\" data-end=\"716\">refractory gaskets<\/strong>. Graphite, with its high electrical conductivity and thermal stability, is extensively used in <strong data-start=\"812\" data-end=\"837\">electric arc furnaces<\/strong> and metallurgical processes. Activated carbon, featuring a porous structure and large surface area, is employed in <strong data-start=\"953\" data-end=\"983\">water and air purification<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1011\">chemical separation<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1319\">Key advantages of carbon materials include <strong data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1154\">high thermal resistance, good electrical conductivity, light weight, and chemical stability<\/strong>. Additionally, their surfaces can be modified or combined with other materials, making them ideal for <strong data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1280\">advanced composites<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1316\">energy-related applications<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1321\" data-end=\"1567\">With the advancement of new technologies, carbon materials\u2014particularly <strong data-start=\"1393\" data-end=\"1426\">graphene and carbon nanotubes<\/strong>\u2014are poised to play a central role in the development of the next generation of <strong data-start=\"1506\" data-end=\"1564\">electronics, energy storage, and ultra-light materials<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_cd277f5\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c872260 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c872260\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc19f1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc19f1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/our-products\/raw-materials\/carbon-materials\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-72-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3744\" alt=\"Carbon materials\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-72-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-72-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-72-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_0-72.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247bbe3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"247bbe3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0af5398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"0af5398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Raw material supplier Sepahan Pouyesh Arya, supplier of various raw materials for the steel and foundry industries. \u064fAbout Us A diverse range of raw materials Electrodes ions) between the metallic and non-metallic parts of a circuit. It serves as a key interface in electrochemical and electronic systems, and its function is defined by two main [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4424","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Raw materials - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Raw materials - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Raw material supplier Sepahan Pouyesh Arya, supplier of various raw materials for the steel and foundry industries. \u064fAbout Us A diverse range of raw materials Electrodes ions) between the metallic and non-metallic parts of a circuit. It serves as a key interface in electrochemical and electronic systems, and its function is defined by two main [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-11T09:52:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/\",\"name\":\"Raw materials - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-11T22:46:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-11T09:52:56+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/raw-materials\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Raw materials\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/admin-ajax.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/admin-ajax.png\",\"width\":581,\"height\":430,\"caption\":\"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/spae.co\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Raw materials - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Raw materials - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627","og_description":"Raw material supplier Sepahan Pouyesh Arya, supplier of various raw materials for the steel and foundry industries. \u064fAbout Us A diverse range of raw materials Electrodes ions) between the metallic and non-metallic parts of a circuit. It serves as a key interface in electrochemical and electronic systems, and its function is defined by two main [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/","og_site_name":"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627","article_modified_time":"2025-11-11T09:52:56+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"14 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/","url":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/","name":"Raw materials - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg","datePublished":"2025-07-11T22:46:05+00:00","dateModified":"2025-11-11T09:52:56+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/raw-materials\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647","item":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Raw materials"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/#website","url":"https:\/\/spae.co\/","name":"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/spae.co\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/#organization","name":"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627","url":"https:\/\/spae.co\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/admin-ajax.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/admin-ajax.png","width":581,"height":430,"caption":"\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/spae.co\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4424","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4424"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4424\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4424"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}