{"id":4427,"date":"2025-07-12T02:12:58","date_gmt":"2025-07-11T22:42:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spae.co\/chemicals\/"},"modified":"2026-01-06T02:31:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T23:01:47","slug":"chemicals","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/chemicals\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemicals"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4427\" class=\"elementor elementor-4427 elementor-105\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true}}\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76ff4219 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"76ff4219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c2081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero\" data-id=\"94c2081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_service_box_hero.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Service Box Hero -->\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-css' href='https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-all.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-v4-shims.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\n<style>\/* widget: Service Box Hero *\/\n\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081{\n  width:100%;\n  position:relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:column;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n  min-height: fit-content;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .sbh_bg_overlay{\n  position:absolute;\n  top:0;\n  left:0;\n  width:100%;\n  height:100%;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder,\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .ue_sbh_divider,\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder_top,\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n  position:relative;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder{\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_logo{\n  display:inline-flex;\n  justify-content:center;\n  align-items:center;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_logo svg{\n  width:1em;\n  height:1em;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder{\n  width:100%;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_portfolio{\n  display:inline-block;\n  transition-duration:300ms;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n  display:flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap:62px;\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_footer_box{\n  width:calc(33.333333333333% - 62px + (62px \/ 3));\n}\n#uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder_bottom .uc_footer_box{\n  flex-grow: 1;   display:block;\n}\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n    gap:;\n  }\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_footer_box{\n    width:calc(50% - 0px + (0px \/ 2));\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_container_holder_bottom{\n    gap:;\n  }\n  #uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081 .uc_footer_box{\n    width:calc(100% - 0px + (0px \/ 1));\n  }\n}\n\/* soft styles *\/\n.uc_cont_paragrapgh{\n  font-size:18px;\n  font-weight:400;\n  line-height:1.4em;\n}\n.uc_paragraph{\n  font-size: 16px;\n  font-weight: 400;\n}\n.uc_service_title{\n  font-size: 22px;\n  font-weight:500;\n}\n.elementor-widget-ucaddon_service_box_hero{\n  width:100%;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_service_box_hero_elementor_94c2081\" class=\"uc_graphics_header \"  dir=\"rtl\">\n    <div class=\"sbh_bg_overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"uc_container_holder\">\n        <div class=\"uc_container_holder_top\"><a class=\"uc_logo\" href=\"#\"  ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gears-svgrepo-com.svg\"  alt=\"\"><\/a><\/div>        <h1 class=\"ue_sbh_title\">Chemical supplier<\/h1>        <div class=\"uc_cont_paragrapgh\">Sepahan Pooyesh Arya, supplier of various chemicals<\/div>\t\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/about-us\/\"  class=\"uc_portfolio\">\u064fAbout Us<\/a>\t\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"ue_sbh_divider\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"uc_container_holder_bottom uc-items-wrapper\">\n      <div class=\"uc_footer_box\">\n  <div class=\"uc_service_title\">A diverse range of chemicals<\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_service_paragraph\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- end Service Box Hero -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-270c9395 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"270c9395\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3549d105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"3549d105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c4a4236 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7c4a4236\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-358e46a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"358e46a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414f3a9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"414f3a9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Sodium Carbonate <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"72\" data-end=\"465\"><strong data-start=\"72\" data-end=\"129\">Sodium Carbonate (Na\u2082CO\u2083), commonly known as Soda Ash<\/strong>, is a white solid chemical compound produced in two main forms: <strong data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"203\">light<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"225\">dense (heavy)<\/strong>. This alkaline substance is highly soluble in water, forming a strongly basic solution. It is primarily manufactured through the <strong data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"373\">Solvay process<\/strong> from sodium chloride and limestone, or extracted from natural deposits such as <strong data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"462\">trona<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"467\" data-end=\"771\">Sodium carbonate plays a vital role in numerous industries: in <strong data-start=\"530\" data-end=\"553\">glass manufacturing<\/strong> to lower the melting temperature of silica, in <strong data-start=\"601\" data-end=\"625\">detergent production<\/strong> as an alkalizing agent, in the <strong data-start=\"657\" data-end=\"684\">pulp and paper industry<\/strong>, in <strong data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"709\">alumina refining<\/strong>, and even in the <strong data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"744\">food industry<\/strong> as an acidity regulator.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"1022\">From a safety perspective, sodium carbonate is relatively <strong data-start=\"831\" data-end=\"844\">non-toxic<\/strong>, but prolonged skin contact or inhalation of its dust may cause mild irritation. It must be stored in a <strong data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"968\">dry environment<\/strong>, away from moisture, due to its hygroscopic nature.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1198\">Given its central role in many industrial cycles, sodium carbonate is considered a <strong data-start=\"1107\" data-end=\"1134\">strategic base material<\/strong> and is one of the <strong data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1195\">most widely traded chemicals worldwide<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_414f3a9a\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3490ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f3490ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c17fec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c17fec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/sodium-carbonate\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-69-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3727\" alt=\"Sodium Carbonate 3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-69-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-69-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-69-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_2-69.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4b9a11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3e4b9a11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fbbe4b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"7fbbe4b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8902005 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8902005\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5e5a6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f5e5a6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5dd64e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e5dd64e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/anionic-surfactants\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-71-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3728\" alt=\"Anionic surfactants 3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-71-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-71-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-71-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_3-71.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae4e468 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae4e468\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64934f39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"64934f39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Anionic Surfactant <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"75\" data-end=\"474\"><strong data-start=\"75\" data-end=\"98\">Anionic Surfactants<\/strong> are a class of surface-active agents characterised by a <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"213\">negative charge on the hydrophilic (water-loving) part<\/strong> of the molecule. This negative charge typically originates from <strong data-start=\"278\" data-end=\"323\">sulfate, sulfonate, or carboxylate groups<\/strong>. Their defining features include <strong data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"471\">high foaming ability, strong detergency, and excellent capacity to remove oils and organic soils from surfaces<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"817\">Common examples include <strong data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"601\">Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), Alpha Olefin Sulfonate (AOS), and Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES)<\/strong>. These compounds are widely used in the manufacture of <strong data-start=\"657\" data-end=\"696\">household and industrial detergents<\/strong>, as well as <strong data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"735\">personal care products<\/strong> such as shampoos and liquid soaps, and in <strong data-start=\"778\" data-end=\"814\">industrial cleaning formulations<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"819\" data-end=\"1055\">Despite their high effectiveness, <strong data-start=\"853\" data-end=\"870\">excessive use<\/strong> of anionic surfactants may lead to <strong data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"936\">skin irritation or dryness<\/strong>. For this reason, they are often blended with <strong data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1021\">nonionic or amphoteric surfactants<\/strong> to produce milder formulations.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1211\">Thanks to their <strong data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1121\">efficiency, low cost, and ease of production<\/strong>, anionic surfactants account for the <strong data-start=\"1159\" data-end=\"1208\">largest share of the global surfactant market<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_64934f39\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cfce1a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4cfce1a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58b0767a elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"58b0767a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d1a0e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7d1a0e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b4da281 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b4da281\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27982c90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"27982c90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"72\" data-end=\"430\"><strong data-start=\"72\" data-end=\"102\">Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB)<\/strong> is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour, produced by combining a <strong data-start=\"184\" data-end=\"206\">linear alkyl chain<\/strong> (typically derived from normal paraffins C\u2081\u2080\u2013C\u2081\u2084) with a <strong data-start=\"264\" data-end=\"280\">benzene ring<\/strong>. The most common production method is the <strong data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"368\">alkylation of benzene with linear olefins<\/strong> (such as 1-decene) in the presence of an <strong data-start=\"410\" data-end=\"427\">acid catalyst<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"862\">LAB is the <strong data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"464\">primary feedstock<\/strong> for producing <strong data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"502\">anionic surfactants<\/strong>, particularly <strong data-start=\"517\" data-end=\"556\">Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS)<\/strong>, which accounts for <strong data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"633\">over 80% of the world\u2019s powder and liquid detergents<\/strong>. Owing to its <strong data-start=\"648\" data-end=\"668\">linear structure<\/strong>, LAB is <strong data-start=\"677\" data-end=\"701\">highly biodegradable<\/strong> and is considered a safer, more environmentally friendly alternative to earlier <strong data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"809\">branched alkyl benzenes<\/strong>, which showed poor degradation in the environment.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"1019\">Key properties of LAB include <strong data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"1016\">chemical stability, resistance across a wide pH range, good foaming capacity, and compatibility with other surfactants<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1213\">While its <strong data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1051\">main application<\/strong> is in <strong data-start=\"1058\" data-end=\"1097\">household and industrial detergents<\/strong>, LAB is also used in the production of <strong data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1210\">textile softeners, emulsifiers, and certain agricultural formulations<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_27982c90\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642ec587 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642ec587\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b6ac92b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b6ac92b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/linear-alkylbenzene\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-73-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3729\" alt=\"Linear alkylbenzene\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-73-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-73-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-73-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-73.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-453db257 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"453db257\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5842331f elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"5842331f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d9fa6e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7d9fa6e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c60b8ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c60b8ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7472f2f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7472f2f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/caustic-soda-flakes-naoh\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-71-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3730\" alt=\"Caustic Soda flakes (NaOH)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-71-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-71-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-71-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-71.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-233a94d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"233a94d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6200f835 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"6200f835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Caustic Soda flakes (NaOH) <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"75\" data-end=\"546\"><strong data-start=\"75\" data-end=\"117\">Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide \u2013 NaOH)<\/strong> is a strong solid alkali with the chemical formula NaOH, produced as white, odourless flakes. It is manufactured through the <strong data-start=\"242\" data-end=\"266\">chlor-alkali process<\/strong>, involving the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. Caustic soda dissolves rapidly in water, generating a <strong data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"406\">highly alkaline solution<\/strong> with a strongly <strong data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"446\">exothermic reaction<\/strong>, which is why its storage and handling require resistant equipment and strict safety precautions.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"943\">Its <strong data-start=\"552\" data-end=\"587\">applications are highly diverse<\/strong>: in the <strong data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"623\">pulp and paper industry<\/strong> for lignin removal, in <strong data-start=\"647\" data-end=\"659\">textiles<\/strong> for fabric mercerisation and scouring, in the <strong data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"723\">food industry<\/strong> for fruit peeling, olive processing, and pretzel production, in <strong data-start=\"788\" data-end=\"807\">water treatment<\/strong> for pH adjustment and precipitation of heavy metals, and in <strong data-start=\"868\" data-end=\"904\">soap and detergent manufacturing<\/strong> as a key agent for saponifying oils.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"1067\">Caustic soda is also extensively used in the <strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1064\">chemical, oil and gas, pharmaceutical, and metal processing industries<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_6200f835\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-677e30b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"677e30b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529d32e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"529d32e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2276528f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2276528f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-425aa69f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"425aa69f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-139c45ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"139c45ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Urea  <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"534\"><strong data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"105\">Urea (Carbamide \u2013 CO(NH\u2082)\u2082)<\/strong> is a small, crystalline organic compound that appears as a white, odourless solid, readily soluble in water. It was the <strong data-start=\"225\" data-end=\"282\">first organic compound to be synthesised artificially<\/strong> in 1828 by <strong data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"314\">Friedrich W\u00f6hler<\/strong> from ammonium cyanate, marking a historic turning point in organic chemistry. Today, urea is primarily produced from <strong data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"462\">ammonia and carbon dioxide<\/strong> under high pressure and temperature via the <strong data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"531\">Bosch\u2013Meiser process<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"536\" data-end=\"1109\">Its most important application lies in <strong data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"590\">agriculture<\/strong>, where it is the <strong data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"656\">world\u2019s most widely used nitrogen fertiliser<\/strong>, containing over <strong data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"700\">46% nitrogen by weight<\/strong>, which significantly enhances plant growth and crop yields. Beyond agriculture, urea serves as a raw material in the <strong data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"839\">chemical industry<\/strong> for the production of <strong data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"945\">urea-formaldehyde resins, engineering plastics, adhesives, gums, and explosives<\/strong>. It is also employed in the <strong data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"999\">pharmaceutical sector<\/strong> as a <strong data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1026\">keratolytic agent<\/strong>, and in <strong data-start=\"1035\" data-end=\"1066\">animal feed and aquaculture<\/strong> as a source of <strong data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1106\">non-protein nitrogen<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1111\" data-end=\"1353\">Key properties of urea include <strong data-start=\"1142\" data-end=\"1249\">chemical stability under normal conditions, high solubility in water, and ease of storage and transport<\/strong>. However, precautions must be taken to prevent moisture absorption due to its <strong data-start=\"1328\" data-end=\"1350\">hygroscopic nature<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_139c45ac\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48afacd3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48afacd3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba7f0fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ba7f0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/urea\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-67-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3731\" alt=\"Urea\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-67-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-67-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-67-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image_1-67.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52efdfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52efdfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-305c1b04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"305c1b04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-200f6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"200f6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62c51cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62c51cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bda491f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bda491f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/ethylene-glycol\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/7e184ab7-3a0e-49cb-baa6-e7434d2cd627-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11238\" alt=\"Ethylene glycol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/7e184ab7-3a0e-49cb-baa6-e7434d2cd627-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/7e184ab7-3a0e-49cb-baa6-e7434d2cd627-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/7e184ab7-3a0e-49cb-baa6-e7434d2cd627-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/7e184ab7-3a0e-49cb-baa6-e7434d2cd627.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-567c111 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"567c111\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d546427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"d546427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Ethylene glycol <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ethylene Glycol (MEG)<\/strong> is the simplest member of the glycol family and an organic alcohol compound produced as a clear, colorless, odorless liquid with medium viscosity. This product is often supplied in industrial and pure (Fiber) grades and, due to its toxic nature, is not suitable for consumption, unlike some other alcohols.<\/p><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its primary production method involves the oxidation of ethylene followed by the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide in petrochemical units. The applications of Ethylene Glycol are vital and extend far beyond that of a simple fluid:<\/p><ul lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>In the automotive industry as the main component of antifreeze and coolant fluids in radiators.<\/li><li>In polymer industries for the production of polyester fibers (fabrics and clothing) and PET resins (water bottles).<\/li><li>In oil and gas industries as a dehydrating agent to remove moisture from natural gas in pipelines.<\/li><li>In HVAC systems and industrial chillers as a heat transfer fluid.<\/li><li>In the formulation of industrial solvents, inks, and water-based paints.<\/li><\/ul><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its key properties include a high boiling point, complete miscibility with water, hygroscopic nature, and a significant ability to lower the freezing point of fluids.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d546427\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17217a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17217a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e5755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"e9e5755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9123143 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9123143\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fff16e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fff16e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7786ee3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"7786ee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Isopropyl <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)<\/strong> or 2-Propanol is an organic compound from the secondary alcohol family, known as a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid with a sharp, distinct odor. This product is typically produced in various industrial and pharmaceutical grades (such as 70% and 99%) and holds a significant place in the industry due to its high evaporation rate and excellent solvency power.<\/p><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its primary production method involves the direct or indirect hydration of propylene extracted from petroleum sources. The applications of Isopropyl Alcohol are extensive and extend far beyond ordinary disinfectant uses:<\/p><ul lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>In the electronics industry for precision cleaning of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) and flux removal without damaging components.<\/li><li>In printing and packaging industries as a solvent in inks and offset solutions to accelerate the drying process.<\/li><li>In pharmaceutical and medical industries as a carrier solvent for active ingredients and the main component of alcohol pads and disinfectants.<\/li><li>In the chemical industry for the extraction and purification of alkaloids, gums, and natural resins.<\/li><li>In the automotive industry as a fuel additive to prevent fuel line freezing and as a windshield de-icer.<\/li><\/ul><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its key properties include rapid evaporation without leaving a residue (residue-free), complete miscibility with water and most organic solvents, and lower toxicity compared to methanol.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_7786ee3\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45fe159 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45fe159\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d66e73c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d66e73c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/isopropyl\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/6a21bfc2-943c-45e8-9542-1a79b2c17ab0-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11338\" alt=\"isopropyl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/6a21bfc2-943c-45e8-9542-1a79b2c17ab0-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/6a21bfc2-943c-45e8-9542-1a79b2c17ab0-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/6a21bfc2-943c-45e8-9542-1a79b2c17ab0-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/6a21bfc2-943c-45e8-9542-1a79b2c17ab0.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8be973e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8be973e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa8b496 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"aa8b496\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd2683c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cd2683c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-273b922 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"273b922\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2365c39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2365c39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/benzotriazole\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1b48490b-b639-4ea0-ba3c-7227ad9fc6ab-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11378\" alt=\"Benzotriazole\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1b48490b-b639-4ea0-ba3c-7227ad9fc6ab-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1b48490b-b639-4ea0-ba3c-7227ad9fc6ab-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1b48490b-b639-4ea0-ba3c-7227ad9fc6ab-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1b48490b-b639-4ea0-ba3c-7227ad9fc6ab.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3c4e94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3c4e94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23a5434 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"23a5434\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Benzotriazole <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Benzotriazole (BTA)<\/strong> is a heterocyclic organic compound mainly supplied as a white crystalline powder, needle-like granules, or flakes with a very mild odor. This substance is recognized as the gold standard in corrosion inhibition for yellow metals (copper and its alloys) and is produced with high purity for sensitive industrial applications.<\/p><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This compound is typically synthesized from the chemical reaction of o-phenylenediamine with sodium nitrite in an acidic medium. The applications of Benzotriazole are highly specialized and extensive due to its specific surface protection mechanism:<\/p><ul lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>In circulating cooling water systems and cooling towers to protect copper tubes in heat exchangers.<\/li><li>In the formulation of antifreeze and automotive radiator fluids to prevent corrosion of brass and copper engine parts.<\/li><li>In the production of lubricants, cutting oils, and hydraulic fluids as an antioxidant additive and metal protector.<\/li><li>In industrial detergents and metal polishes to prevent surface tarnishing.<\/li><li>In the photography and lithography industry as an anti-fogging agent and image stabilizer.<\/li><\/ul><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its key properties include the formation of an insoluble and highly resistant polymeric film on the metal surface (Chemisorption), excellent thermal and optical stability, and high effectiveness even at very low dosage rates (ppm).<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_23a5434\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-456134c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"456134c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20f8a3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"20f8a3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14fccc4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"14fccc4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9ee49f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f9ee49f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ec6abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"0ec6abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Butyl Glycol <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Butyl Glycol (BG)<\/strong> or 2-Butoxyethanol is a key organic solvent from the glycol ether family, known as a clear, colorless, low-volatility liquid with a mild ether odor. Due to its unique molecular structure, which possesses both alcohol and ether properties simultaneously, it is often referred to as a \u201cversatile solvent\u201d in the industry.<\/p><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This product is produced via the chemical reaction of ethylene oxide with n-butanol in the presence of a catalyst. Butyl Glycol\u2019s power to create compatibility between water and oil has diversified its applications significantly:<\/p><ul lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>In the paint and coating industry as a co-solvent in water-based paints to improve flowability and uniform film formation.<\/li><li>In industrial and household detergents as a powerful degreaser for dissolving grease, oil, and soot stains.<\/li><li>In printing and packaging industries as a retarder solvent in inks to prevent rapid drying and nozzle clogging.<\/li><li>In oil and drilling industries as a stabilizing additive in drilling muds and hydraulic fracturing of wells.<\/li><li>In the formulation of fire extinguishers (firefighting foams) to enhance foam efficiency and stability.<\/li><\/ul><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its key properties include \u201cdual solubility\u201d (the ability to dissolve in both water and hydrocarbon compounds simultaneously), acting as a coupling agent, a low evaporation rate, and effective reduction of fluid surface tension.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_0ec6abc\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5ea246 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5ea246\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a99f0ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a99f0ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/butyl-glycol\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/5f8bd135-386a-4589-abd9-44c10565820e-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11385\" alt=\"butyl glycol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/5f8bd135-386a-4589-abd9-44c10565820e-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/5f8bd135-386a-4589-abd9-44c10565820e-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/5f8bd135-386a-4589-abd9-44c10565820e-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/5f8bd135-386a-4589-abd9-44c10565820e.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ea3b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"93ea3b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b3d22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"88b3d22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-502b4bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"502b4bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45b5641 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45b5641\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-186dda1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"186dda1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/tolyltriazole\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/4280efc5-dcdc-43f3-8732-bbf5799fba3b_0-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11391\" alt=\"Tolyltriazole\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/4280efc5-dcdc-43f3-8732-bbf5799fba3b_0-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/4280efc5-dcdc-43f3-8732-bbf5799fba3b_0-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/4280efc5-dcdc-43f3-8732-bbf5799fba3b_0-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/4280efc5-dcdc-43f3-8732-bbf5799fba3b_0.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce586d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce586d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d467160 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"d467160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160 uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Tolyltriazole <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Tolyltriazole (TTA)<\/strong> is an organic corrosion inhibitor and a methylated derivative of benzotriazole, usually supplied as granules or powder ranging from cream to light yellow (amber) in color with a distinct odor. The presence of a methyl group in its molecular structure enhances its hydrophobic properties, leading to the formation of a more stable protective layer compared to its counterparts.<\/p><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This product is primarily produced via the chemical reaction of Toluenediamine (TDA) with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions. The applications of Tolyltriazole are particularly prominent in systems facing high chemical stresses:<\/p><ul lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>In open-circuit cooling towers and water treatment systems utilizing chlorination (due to its higher resistance against chlorine).<\/li><li>In the formulation of lubricating oils, greases, and cutting fluids as a metal deactivator and antioxidant.<\/li><li>In power plants and industrial boilers to protect copper condenser tubes and heat exchangers against corrosion.<\/li><li>In hydraulic fluids and brake fluids to prevent fluid reaction with metal system components.<\/li><li>In the production of anti-corrosion papers (VCI Papers) for packaging sensitive copper and brass parts.<\/li><\/ul><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its key properties include excellent stability in acidic and alkaline environments, impressive resistance against halogens (such as free chlorine), suitable solubility in organic solvents, and effective prevention of pitting corrosion.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_d467160\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ce4cd4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9ce4cd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30466c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"30466c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aea33ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"aea33ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b01ff7a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b01ff7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b370c elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_ue_unfold\" data-id=\"78b370c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_ue_unfold.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unfold Content -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Unfold Content *\/\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c{\n opacity: 0;\n transition: opacity .2s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c.ue-full-opacity{\n opacity: 1;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .unfold_wrapper{\n  max-height:100%;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .unfold_card{\n  position: relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c{\n    position: absolute;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    z-index: 1;\n    background: -moz-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff) 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ffffff 10%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .ue-btn-wrap{\n        display: flex;   \n    position:relative;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c #button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c{\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n    align-items: center;\n    cursor:pointer;\n    transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .ue_unfold_title,\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .ue-txt{\n  transition: all .3s ease;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon{\n  line-height:1em;\n}\n\n.ue-btn-icon svg{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .unfold_wrapper{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c{\n  transition:300ms;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c .unfold_wrapper.ue-unfold-active #uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c{\n  height:0px;\n}\n\n#ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c{\n  display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c  button{\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div id=\"uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\" data-scroll-back=\"true\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"unfold_card\">\n    <div class=\"unfold_wrapper\" id=\"unfold_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\">\n      <div class=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c uf_overlay\" id=\"uf_overlayuc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\"><\/div>\n                  <h3 class=\"ue_unfold_title\"> Sulfur <\/h3>\n                          <div class=\"ue-txt\"><p lang=\"en\">Sulfur is one of the important and widely used chemical elements found in nature, known by the symbol <strong>S<\/strong> and atomic number <strong>16<\/strong> in the periodic table. This nonmetal element is abundantly present in the Earth\u2019s crust and plays a vital role in numerous biological, industrial, and chemical processes. Sulfur exists either in its pure form or combined with other elements such as sulfides and sulfates in mines, rocks, and even volcanic resources, and it has attracted human attention since ancient times.<\/p><p lang=\"en\">In nature, sulfur appears in various forms, most notably as a yellow solid with a distinctive odor familiar to many. This element also plays a key role in living organisms and is a component of amino acids such as methionine and cysteine. The presence of sulfur is essential for the proper functioning of proteins, enzymes, and many vital biochemical reactions in the body, and deficiencies or disruptions in its metabolism can lead to significant biological consequences.<\/p><p lang=\"en\">From an industrial perspective, sulfur is considered a highly valuable raw material. A large portion of extracted sulfur is used in the production of sulfuric acid, an acid often referred to as the \u201cking of chemicals,\u201d which plays a fundamental role in various industries, including the manufacture of chemical fertilizers, petroleum refining, mining industries, and battery production. In addition, sulfur is widely used in the production of rubber, detergents, pesticides, and certain pharmaceuticals.<\/p><p lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In agriculture, sulfur is used to improve soil quality and enhance the absorption of nutrients by plants. This element can help regulate soil pH and is also effective in controlling certain plant pests and diseases. Therefore, sulfur is not merely a simple chemical element, but a key factor linking nature, industry, and human life.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"ue-btn-wrap\" id=\"btn_wrapper btn_wrapper_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\"> \n    <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" class=\"ubfold_btn\" id=\"button_uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\">\n              <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\"><i class='fas fa-angle-down'><\/i><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ue-btn-icon\" id=\"ue-icon-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\"><i class='fas fa-angle-up'><\/i><\/span>\n            <span id=\"ue-text-folded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\">Further reading<\/span>\n      <span id=\"ue-text-unfolded-uc_ue_unfold_elementor_78b370c\">Return<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\t\n  \n  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unfold Content -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c99cfc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c99cfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4007742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4007742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/sulfur\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/845eb934-f3b2-431a-9bfc-8dc2f2b1baf2_0-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11681\" alt=\"\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u062e\u0647\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/845eb934-f3b2-431a-9bfc-8dc2f2b1baf2_0-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/845eb934-f3b2-431a-9bfc-8dc2f2b1baf2_0-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/845eb934-f3b2-431a-9bfc-8dc2f2b1baf2_0-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/845eb934-f3b2-431a-9bfc-8dc2f2b1baf2_0.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3558a2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3558a2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bebfc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-advanced-divider\" data-id=\"5bebfc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-advanced-divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-ep-advanced-divider\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:true}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/wp-content\/plugins\/bdthemes-element-pack\/assets\/images\/divider\/line.svg\" alt=\"advanced divider\" class=\"bdt-animation-stroke ep_square\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chemical supplier Sepahan Pooyesh Arya, supplier of various chemicals \u064fAbout Us A diverse range of chemicals Sodium Carbonate Sodium Carbonate (Na\u2082CO\u2083), commonly known as Soda Ash, is a white solid chemical compound produced in two main forms: light and dense (heavy). This alkaline substance is highly soluble in water, forming a strongly basic solution. It [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4427","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chemicals - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/spae.co\/en\/chemicals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chemicals - \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chemical supplier Sepahan Pooyesh Arya, supplier of various chemicals \u064fAbout Us A diverse range of chemicals Sodium Carbonate Sodium Carbonate (Na\u2082CO\u2083), commonly known as Soda Ash, is a white solid chemical compound produced in two main forms: light and dense (heavy). 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